at each other's throats

Hi there, students. Have you ever heard the phrase 'these two are always at each other's throats'? This means they are always fighting, they are always arguing, there is always a problem between them. So at each other's throats, they are trying to (tary out??) the throat of the other one. I think maybe trying to shut him up, or to kill them, ok, I think that' s the idea, I think you got the idea of two wild animals fighting and trying to bite each other in the throat, ok.  So if you say these two are always at each other's throats, it means they are always fighting, there is always a problem between them, ok. Yeah, so (at, over ?work) there is a terrible problem. These two workers are always at each other's throats. They are causing problems between each other, for each other and they are always fighting. Yeha, I have a terrible problem, my neighbours are at each other's throats. Ok, they are all fighting. It doesn't have to be two people,  it can be more than two people, various people are at each other's throats. Everybody in the village at the moment seems to be at each other's throats. Ok, so there you go, a new idiom for you or maybe an old one you have heard before. So anyway if you enjoy the video, give it a rating; subscribe to my channal and I will see you soon. Bye for now.


各位！你們有沒有聽過這個短語：這兩個家伙總是at each other's throats? 它的意思是他們總是在爭鬥，總是在爭吵，他們之間總是有問題。at each other's throats就是他們總是想（鉗制？）對方的喉嚨，或許是想令到對方閉嘴或干掉對方。你看看兩只動物，互相爭鬥，試圖噬咬對方的喉嚨就知道該短句的原意。所以，如果你形容兩個人總是at each other's throats，意思是他們總是在爭鬥，他們總是有問題解決不了。工作上存在嚴重問題，這兩個員工互相攻擊，難解難分。他們為對方設置難題，然後互相攻擊。我面臨可怕的難題，我的鄰居at each other's throats, 他們在爭鬥，這裡，不一定是兩個人，可以是超過兩個人以上，眾多人的人在互相攻擊。村中裡的每一個人似乎都在攻擊別人。好了，我給了你們一個新的短句，也許不是新的，你可能聽說過它。總之，如果你喜歡這個錄像，留下一個‘喜歡’評級；訂閱我的頻道，我將很快和你又見面。

dither

Hi there, students. To dither, a ditherer, to be in a dither, so a ditherer starts dithering and it is in a dither. Ok, to me, to dither means to be indecisive, to be unable to make up your mind. "Should I do this? " or "Sould I do that?" At a state of indecisive agitation. Please stop dithering and make up your mind, make a decision. Any decision is better than no decision. Any decision is better than dithering. Ok, to be irresolute, not to be able to make your mind up about something,  whether it is one thing or the other. Ok, so to dither, to be uncertain, to be indecisive, to be agitated. Normally from what I've seen, the British use it to mean to be indecisive. And the Americans use it to mean to be nervous, to be worried. Ok, this verb 'to dither' can also mean to tremble, maybe you are cold, you dither, you tremble, yeah. Ok, so to be in a dither, to be in a state of indecision. Ok, a ditherer never knows whether to do this or to do that. Ok, so, yeah, to dither , to be in an excited state of agitation, unable to decide if you are going to do A or B. To be undecided, yeah. Ok, to be worried, to fret about whether you are going to do this thing or another thing. He is in a dither about this, he is worried and trying to decide whether to do this or that, in a state of nervous agitation. Ok, so to dither, to hum and haw about something. Yeah, ok, I am still dithering whether to buy this model or that model.  So to dither, to be unable to decide about it. So anyway, to dither, a ditherer dithers about something. Ok, and to be in a dither. Ok, it's a phrase, to be in a flap, to be in a stew about something. Ok, so if you enjoy the video, don't dither and give it a rating; subscribe to my channel and I will see you soon. Bye for now.

各位！to dither, a ditherer, to be in a dither, 一個優柔寡斷的人開始憂慮，事情處在無法決斷狀態。對我來說，t­o dither意思是猶豫不決，無法下決心，我應該做這件事還是那­件事？處於一種無法決斷的焦慮狀態。請停止猶豫，下定決心並做出­決定。有決定總比沒有決定好。任何決定都比猶豫不決好。to dither就是猶豫不決的意思，無法下定決心去做任何一件事。­所以，to dither就是無法確定某事，無法決斷，處於焦慮狀態，我的理­解是英國人用dither來表示‘無法決斷’的意思；而美國人則­用它來表示‘緊張、擔憂’的意思。dither還有‘顫抖’的意­思，比如你覺得寒冷，你會發抖。to be in a dither, 是事情處在無法決斷狀態的意思。dither,就是處於一種激動狀態下的焦慮，無法決定是做事情­­A還是事情B。無法決定，擔憂、焦慮無法決定究竟要做哪件事。­他處在矛盾猶豫中，他在憂慮並試圖在兩件事中作出決定。他處在緊­張狀態下的焦慮中。to dither, 就是對某事吞吞吐吐、猶猶豫豫的意思。我始終在猶豫，應該買這種­型號還是那一種。to dither,就是無法做出對某件事的決定。好了，這就是dit­her, 一個猶豫的人對某件事開始猶疑。to be in a dither也是一個短句，意思是be in a flap,焦慮煩惱中， 或者in a stew, 擔憂憤懣。如果你喜歡這個錄像，不要猶豫，馬上留下一個‘喜歡’­評級；訂閱我的頻道，我將很快和你又見面。

jostle

 Hi there, students. To jostle, ok, this is to push against somebody typically in a crowd, you elbow against them. Imagine you get onto the bus, and there are lots lots of people on the bus. As (the must??) the bus moves, different people jostle you, you are jostled in the bus. Ok, you are elbowd in the bus, they push against you, they shove against you,yeah. If you are in a Discotheque, and it is really crowded, and you need to walk through, to walk to see soembody, you jostle you way, you push your way, you shove your way, through the crowd. And perhaps the crowd are dancing, they jostle you here and there, you are pushed against, pushed against, pushed against. So this is typically in a crowd. The waiter was carrrying a tray, but he was jostled and the drinks fell over. Ok, to jostle, to push against, to pump against somebody, yeah, ok. So, yeah, they were, he was jostled, you get onto the underground, yeah, yeah, onto the tube. And the car is full of people.  You are jostled this way and that, as everybody tries to stand up without falling over. Ok, to jostle, to push, to push against. to jostle your way through the crowd. Ok, there you go, that is a new word for you. So anyway, if you enjoy the video, give it a rating; subscribe to my channel and I will see you soon. Bye for now.

各位！to jostle, 這個詞的意思是用手撞開某人，特別是在人群中，你用肘部頂開其他­人。試想你登上一架巴士，車上人頭洶湧。當車開動時，不同的人在­用手推撞你，你被他人推來推去，你被他們用手推開。如果你在一間­迪斯科舞廳，裡面非常擁擠，你想穿過人群去找某人。你用手推開人­群， 撞開人群擠出一條路，穿過人群。大家正在跳舞，你被推來推去，撞來撞去。這種情況一般是發生在擁­擠的人群中。侍應端著一個托盤，他被人撞了，托盤上面的飲料跌了­下來。所以，to jostle是被擁撞的意思。比如你上了一架地鐵，車廂裡載滿了­人，你被撞得左右搖擺。每個人都試圖站穩，避免跌倒。所以，to­ jostle就是撞開他人而穿過人群的意思。你又明白了一個新詞­。如果你喜歡這個錄像，留下一個‘喜歡’的評級；訂閱我的頻道，­我將很快和你又見面。

in, ir, im, dis, un, il

Hi there, students. Im, ir, un, in, dis, ok, these are all negative prefixes. Ok, a prefix is something that goes at the beginning of a word. And a negative prefix is something that goes at the beginning of a word to make it negative. So for example, un, so we have the word 'necessary', to make that negative, we can say 'unnecessary'. Yeah, if something is forgivable, we can make it negative by saying unforgivable. Perhaps you are (contrus...?), then you could be (uncontrus?). Something is avoidable or unavoidable. Are you available or are you unavailable? Authorised and authorised signature and unauthorised, unauthorised. Attended, unattended. Ok, so notice, un is a negative prefix. Then again, we could have ir, i, r. So this is repairable, this is irrepairable, it's not possible to repair it. But it is replaceable or it is irreplaceable. Ok, something that could be replaced. Is this relevent or irrelevant? Are you are rational or irrational person? Are you regular or irregular? Is this recoverable or irrecoverable? Notice it's very common words that start with r to have ir at the front. And it's normally i double r, so rational, irrational; i, double r, (a, t?), irrational. But not always, reputable, disreputable. so it doesn't always work. Ok, so what about in? So this is viable, or is it invisible? So is this word formal or informal? Are upi efficient or inefficient? This is a very effective method, or is it an inaffective method? Are you credible or incredible? Convenient or inconvenient; complete or incomplete; accurate or inaccurate, ok, so, in. Also very often, we have the prefix im, so last one was in, this one is im, i, m. So this is probable or improbable? This guy is polite and that guy is very impolite. Are you patient or impatient? This is movable and that is immovable. Are you a moral person or an immoral person? Ok, yeah, this is a mobile unit, but that is immobile, you can't use, you can't move it. Something you can measure, it's measurable; and if you can't, it's immeasurable. And an adult is mature, a child is immature. And then you have two things in balance, or maybe there is imbalance, ok, a balance and an imbalance. Ok, we could also even have ill, i double l, legible, illegible. Legal, illegal. Yeah, ok, then for the last one, we need to look at dis. So you could have an advantage or disadvantage. You continue, something continues, or it's discontinued, you discontinued. You have order and chaos, disorder. You are qualified to do this, you are disqualified, prohibited from doing this. Are you satisfied or dissatisfied? So there you go some examples im, ir, un, in, dis and il. It's very difficult to know which to use in which situation and this you need to learn. Yeah, you need to learn the positive and the negative, the negative prefix that goes with. Sometimes we a or an as well. This is typical, this is atypical. This is virus, this is antivirus. Ok, so there we are, there are slections of these, there are no strong rules to these. If it starts with the words sounds with r, it's probably i double r. And if the words starrt with l, then it's i double l, legal, illegal, responsible, irresponsible, but that is not always true. So anyway, negative prefixes. If you enjoy this video, give it a rating; subscribe to my channel and I will see you soon. Bye for now.

各位！im, ir, un,in, dis, 它們都是否定前綴。前綴是放在某個詞前面的結構，否定前綴就是放­在某個詞前面，令到它具有否定意思的前綴。比如，un這個前綴，­necessary, 我們可以在它前面加上un將它變成否定詞，unnecessar­y。如果某事是可以forgivable, 我們可以用un將它變成否定詞，unforgivable。也許­你是清醒的conscious, 你也可以是unconscious, 不清醒的。某件事可以是avoidable,或者unavoid­able。你是available還是unavailable? authorised 簽名還是unauthorised簽名？ attend，還是unattended? 所以，要注意，這裡的un,是否定前綴。ir也是一個否定前綴。­這個東西是repairable, 可以修復的，或者irrepairable, 無法修復。這個東西是可以替換的，replaceable, 或者無法替換，irreplaceable。這是相關的一件事嗎？relevant,還是不相關的事，irr­elevant? 你是理性的人rational, 還是非理性的人，irrational？ 你有條理嗎，regular,還沒有條理，irregular? 這個可以復原嗎，recoverable, 還是無法復原，irrcoverable? 注意，通常以r開頭的詞會用ir在詞頭構成否定詞，比如rati­onal, irrational。但也不是絕對如此，比如，reputab­le, 否定詞是disreputable。所以，事情不是一成不變的。­我們再看看in, 這個東西是可視的嗎,visible, 還是不可視的，invisible? 這個詞是比較正式的，formal，還是非正式的，inform­al？你是有效率的人嗎，efficient，還是沒有效率的人­，inefficient？這是一種非常有效的方式，effec­tive, 還是不太有效的方式，ineffective？你信用度高不高？creditable還是increditab­le? 方便還是不方便？convenient 還是inconvenient? 完整的還是不完整的？ complete還是incomplete? 精確的，還是不精確的？accurate還是inaccurat­e? 這就是in的用法。除了in以外，我們還有im這個否定前綴。這­件事有可能還是不大可能？ probable還是improbable? 這個家伙很有禮貌，polite；那個家伙沒有禮貌，impol­ite。你有耐性還是沒有耐性？impatient還是patient？­­這個東西可以移動，movable, 那個東西不能移動，immovable。你是個有道德的人，mo­­ral, 還是個沒有缺德的人，immoral? 這個是可移動裝置，mobile, 那個是不可移動裝置，immobile。有些東西是可以度量的，­­就是measurable；有些是不可度量的，是immeas­u­rable。成年人是成熟的，小孩子是不成熟的，matur­e and immature。你可以有兩個東西，它們處於平衡狀態，bal­­ance;也可以是不平衡的，imbalance。否定前綴還­有­il,legible, 和illegible。合法的和非法的，legal和illeg­­al。最後一個否定前綴是dis，你有長處和短處嗎? advantage和disadvantage。你持續做某事，­­continue, 某事是持續的；也可以是不持續的，discontinued. 我們可以說order和chaos，也可以說disorder。­你夠資格做這件事，qualified，或者你不夠資格，dis­qualified，你不許做這件事。你滿意還是不滿意，sat­isfied 或者dissatisfied。所以這裡提到了一些例子，in, ir, un, im, dis 和ir，至於在何種情況下用哪個前綴是非常困難的一件事，你需要­學習，你需要學習肯定詞義和否定詞義。有時我們也用a和an作為­否定前綴。這件事很典型，typical,這件事不是很典型，a­typical。這個是帶有病毒的，virus,這個是抗病毒的­，antivirus。這裡的這些前綴是有選擇性的，這些否定前­綴沒有固定的規則，如果是r開頭的詞，通常用ir,變成有兩個r­;如果是l開頭的詞，則變成了ill，比如legal，ille­gal，logical, illogical,responsible, irresponsible。但也不總是這樣。如果你喜歡這個錄­像，留下一個‘喜歡’評級；訂閱我的頻道，我將很快和你又見面。

donkey's years

Hi there, students. Have you ever heard somebody say 'I haven't seen you for donkey's years'? Yeah, donkey's years, donkey, with possessive, and years, yeah. Ok, donkey apostrophe (s?) years. Ok, donkey's years means a very long time. We normally use this phrase 'donkey's years' with a present perfect. So for example, I have been teaching English for donkey's years, for a very very long time. Ok, yeah, the years of donkey for donkey's years. I have been living here for donkey's years. Notice we either use it with prsent perfect, simple or continuous. Yeah, so for a very long time, from the past, up to now. Yeah, that' s a present perfect or a present pefect continuous. Yeah, so, yeah, he's been doing this job for donkey's years. He's been making videos for donkey's years. No, I have only been making videos for about three years, yeah, that's not long enough for donkey's years. Donkey's years needs to be a very very long time. I have been watching this serial for I've been listening to Archers on BBC radio 4 for donkey's years. Ok, so normally for donkey's years or in donkey's years. I've been living here for donkey's years, I haven't seen you for donkey's years. Ok, so anyway, if you enjoy the video, give it a rating, make sure it's not donkey's years ( to you? till?) see the next video. And I will see you soon, bye for now.

各位！大家聽過有人說‘多年不見，差不多有donkey's years’? donkey's years, 這裡的donkey用了所有格，後面跟years，donkey­，撇號，years。donkey's years意思是一段非常長的時間。這個短語通常被用在現在完成­時態中。比如，我教英語很多年了，有donkey's years這麼長。非常非常長的時間。我住在這裡有donkey­'s years這麼久了，住了幾輩子了。注意，我們或者將它用在現在­完成時態、現在一般時態中，或者用在一般進行時態中。某種狀態持­續了很久，從過去一直到現在，這個就是現在完成時態或者現在完成­進行時態。他做這個工作無數年了，他制作錄像無數年了。我制作錄像只有3年­時間，這個時間長度不可以說donkey's years。donkey's years需要非常長的時間。我收看這個電視劇已經有donke­y's years，我收聽BBC4台的節目Archers已經有don­key's years這麼久的時間了。donkey's years可以用for donkey's years或者in donkey's years。我住在這裡差不多 for donkey's years, 我不見你有很多年了，in donkey's years了。如果你喜歡這個錄像，留下一個‘喜歡’評級。我保­證你不會等待donkey's years才看到下一個錄像的出現。